Python Operators Overview

Operators : A operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables. They usually form a part of the mathematical  or logical expressions.

 

Python Operators:In this article I will explain you following operators- 

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators

Arithmetic Operators : Same like C, C++, Java, C#; Python provides all the basic arithmetic operators, which are used to perform arithmetic operation. Python. Python have following Arithmetic Operators:

Operators	Meaning
+	Addition Operators
-	Subtraction Operators
*	Multiplication Operators
/	Division Operators
%	Modulo
**	Exponent
//	Floor Division

 

Example:

 

a=14
b=4
print("%d + %d = %d"%(a,b,a+b)) #Addition (+) Operator
print("%d - %d = %d"%(a,b,a-b)) #Subtraction (-) Operator
print("%d * %d = %d"%(a,b,a*b)) #Multiplication (*) Operator
print("%d / %d = %d"%(a,b,a/b)) #Division (/) Operator
print("%d ** %d = %d"%(a,b,a**b)) #Exponent (**) Operator
print("%d // %d = %d"%(a,b,a//b)) #Floor Division (//) Operator

Output:

 

 

From the above example you was thinking that what is actually difference between simple divide and floor divide? 

 

Relational Operators: We often compare two quantities and depending on their relation, take certain decisions. For example we compare age of person for voting, On online shopping sites we compare the price of two items and so on. These type of comparisons can be done with the help of relational operators. Python supports following list of relational operators.

Operators	Meaning
<	is less than
<=	is less than or equal to
>	is greater than
>=	is greater than or equal to
==	is equal to
!=	is not equal to (preferred)
<>	is not equal to (deprecated)

 

Relational operator always give result in Boolean means result will be either true or false. If the expression of relational operator will be true then result will be true and if expression of relational operator will be fast then result will be false. 

 

Example:

a=5
b=6
print("%d <  %d : %s"%(a,b,(a<b)))#is less than
print("%d <= %d : %s"%(a,b,(a<=b)))#is less than od equal to
print("%d >  %d : %s"%(a,b,(a>b))) #is greater than
print("%d >= %d : %s"%(a,b,(a>=b)))#is greater than or equal to
print("%d == %d : %s"%(a,b,(a==b)))#is equal to
print("%d != %d : %s"%(a,b,(a!=b)))#is not equal to

Output:

 

 

 Logical Operator: The logical operators are used when we want to test more than one condition and make decisions. Python's logical operators are listed below:

• AND (and) 
• OR (or)
• NOT (not)

As I said  when we want to compare more than one expression then we use Logical operator but logical operators works on the truth table which is given below:

Expression-1	Expression-2	(Expression-1 AND Expression-2)
False	False	False
False	True	False
True	False	False
True	True	True
Truth Table for AND

 

Expression-1	Expression-2	(Expression-1 OR Expression-2)
False	False	False
False	True	True
True	False	True
True	True	True
Truth Table for OR

 

Expression	NOT Expression
False	True
True	False
Truth Table for NOT

 

Example : 

a=5
b=6
c=7
print((a>b) and (a<c))# AND Operation
print((a>b) or (a<c))# OR Operation
print(not(a>b))#NOT Operation

 

 

 Assignment Operators: Assignment operators are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable. Usual assignment operator is '=' operator.  Same like other language like C, C++, Java and C#; Python also contains set of "shorthand assignment operators" of the form: 

 

 Where

v : is a Variable

exp : is an expression

op= : Assignment Operator.

 

The assignment statement 

v op=exp

 is equal to 

v =v op (exp)

 Shorthand assignment operators are listed below:

 

Operators	Meaning
+=	Add Shorthand
-=	Subtract Shorthand
*=	Multiplication Shorthand
/=	Division Shorthand
%=	Modulo Shorthand
**=	Exponent Shorthand
//=	Floor Division Shorthand

 

Example: 

a=14 #Assign 5 to a
b=4 #Assign 6 to b

a+=b;#Add Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a-=b;#Subtract Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a*=b;#Multiplication Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a/=b;#Division Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a%=b;#Modulo Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a**=b;#Exponent Shorthand operator (Means a=a+b)
print(a);

a//=b;#Floor Division Shorthand operator (Means a=a//b)
print(a);

 Output :

 

 

 Bitwise Operators : For manipulating data at the bit level Python has bitwise operators. These operators are used to testing the bits or shifting the bits. Python's Bitwise Operators are listed as following:

 

Operators	Meaning
&	Bitwise AND
||	Bitwise OR
^	Bitwise XOR(Exclusive OR)
~	One's Complement
<<	Shift Left
>>	Shift Right

 

Bitwise AND, Bitwise OR and Bitwise XOR works on truth table which are given below:

a	b	a & b
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1
Truth Table for BITWISE AND

 

a	b	a | b
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1
Truth Table for BITWISE OR

 

a	b	a ^ b
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0
Truth Table for BITWISE XOR

 

Bitwise operators performs on the bits so Assume we have two variables a=40 and b=14 now you want to calculate a & b, a | b and a^b then first of all you have to convert a and b to binary then you have to perform AND, OR and XOR on each and every bits then again convert result to decimal then only you will get result. like as following:

 

 

 

One's Compliment (~) : The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value obtained by inverting all the bits in the binary representation of the number (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa). The ones' complement of the number then behaves like the negative of the original number in some arithmetic operations.

 

Left Shift (<<): The left shift (<<) operator shifts the bits of expression 1 left by the number of bits specified. Example: Assume you have a number a=2 and you want to shift the bits left two times (a<<2) then first of all you have to convert "a" then shift the bits two times and convert that result as decimal. Operation will be done as following: