[Novice Question] Returning parameters by reference?

Question

Hello :)

I'm from a C++ background and have been toying with C#, I'm attempting to return a parameter by reference, something like:

cVector3& cCamera::getPosition()
{
return mPosition;
}

Although many google searches later I haven't been able to uncover anything :(

Richard Bangs · Answer

Awesome thanks for the detailed answers :o)

Alan · Answer

It's just dawned on me that you're probably using the Vector3 structure in the XNA framework so it is in fact a value type. I think your best bet is to use 'out' parameters to compensate for C#'s inability to return a struct by reference.

Alan · Answer

Well if Vector3 is defined as a class then the method would automatically return a reference to a Vector3 object. The returned object could then be modified by the calling code A reference in .NET parlance is a pointer to an object on the managed heap which is tracked by the garbage collector. However if Vector3 is defined as a struct the method would just return the object 'by value' i.e. a copy would be made and so outside code wouldn't be able to modify the original object. This difference between classes ('reference types') and structs ('value types') in C# takes some getting used after C++ where of course classes and structs are essentially the same thing but with different default accessibility for their members. If you're using 'unsafe' code in C# it is possible for a method to return a pointer to a value type but this is not usually recommended apart from unmanaged interop scenarios.

Richard Bangs · Answer

But is it possible to return a variable by reference? Using my example from earlier: Vector3& cCamera::GetPosition() { return mvPosition; } This would be useful because in this use I would want to do operations on the returned vector and not have to implement functions for each mathematical operation or using get and set accessors. So I could do (in C++): mCamera.Position() += vDiffPosition * fScale; rather than in C# where I'm currently having to do: mCamera.SetPosition( mCamera.GetPosition() + ( vDiffPosition * fScale ) ); Although I suppose a further solution would be to make mvPosition public but this feels bad its nice to be able to breakpoint Position() if something strange was to occur with the camera's position.

Alan · Answer

To pass a parameter by reference in C# use the 'ref' keyword both in the method definition and in the call. If the parameter is initially unassigned you can use the 'out' keyword instead. The compiler then ensures that the parameter will have been assigned to before the method ends. Here's a very simple example: using System; class Program { static void Main() { int i = 3 ; MyMethod(ref i); Console.WriteLine(i is now {0} i); // i now 4 int j; // unassigned MyMethod2(out j); Console.WriteLine(j is now {0} j); // j now 5 Console.ReadLine(); } static void MyMethod(ref int i) { i++; } static void MyMethod2(out int i) { i = 5; } }