What happens in the memory when a method is executed.. and when we pass some parameters to that method

Question

I have been trying to learn about the memory management in C# and it is a very interesting topic. I made one simple code which is as follows:

using System;  public class MyClass {     public void Go()     {       int x = 5;       AddFive(x);     }      public int AddFive(int pValue)     {       pValue += 5;       Console.WriteLine(pValue);       return pValue;     }      public static void Main(String[] args)     {       MyClass mc1 = new MyClass();       mc1.Go();       Console.ReadLine();     }  }

I was reading an article from this website about the memory management by Matthew Cochran and it had the following statements:

When we make a method call here's what happens:

Space is allocated for information needed for the execution of our method on the stack (called a Stack Frame). This includes the calling address (a pointer) which is basically a GOTO instruction so when the thread finishes running our method it knows where to go back to in order to continue execution.
Our method parameters are copied over. This is what we want to look at more closely.
Control is passed to the JIT'ted method and the thread starts executing code. Hence, we have another method represented by a stack frame on the "call stack".

Please explain me all the three points(especially the first and the third point) in a very simple way. I am a beginner and i want to know what happens when we execute a method..... Thanks in advance!!!

Sam Hobbs · Answer

You are asking someone to write anohter article for you. Are you sure that there are no other articles in this web site that answer the questions? The best way to learn about stacks is to learn assembler; that is the language that corresponds with the processor's machine language. I have. I have programmed in assembler for big IBM mainframe type computers and for 80386 processors which is an earlier version of Intel Pentium (x86) processors but IBM mainframe type computers don't use stacks. I doubt that calling address (a pointer) which is basically a GOTO instruction is accurate. It is close enough for a beginner's understanding but it is only an address that is put in the stack not an entire machine instruction. In a x86 type of processor (and most but not all processors) there are a few very special peices of memory within the processor called registers. A pair of them are for the stack; one points to the (base of the) stack and the other points to the current offset. When stuff is put onto the stack the offset is increased and when stuff is taken from the stack the offset is decreased. The stack is used to keep track of where to return to when a function returns. The stack is also where the parameters are put for functions that are called. The stack is also where C# value (struct) types are put. The stack must be contiguous. Stack space is allocated/deallocated very efficiently since it is just a matter of incrementing/decrementing the register and the register is accessed very efficiently. The stack is a low-level thing that you generally do not need to be concerned about except it really helps to understand that it is a limited resource and therefore it's size is significantly less than available memory. There are many other things to learn; very many that are more important than the stack.

Vulpes · Answer

All .NET threads have their own stack which (by default) is 1 MB in size. As the thread executes each method it creates a stack frame for that method and pushes it onto its stack. The stack frame needs to be big enough to store the following: 1. The method's arguments; 2. The return address when the method finishes executing; 3. The address of the previous stack frame (to facilitate a stack trace); 4. The method's local variables. If the method has any arguments these are pushed onto the stack first followed by the return address and the address of the previous frame. All instance methods have an implicit first argument (known as the 'this' pointer) which points to the instance on which the method is being called. The stack frame therefore needs space to store this implicit argument as well as any explicit arguments with which the method is called. As the method executes its local variables will be assigned values and these will be stored within the stack frame. In practice some arguments and/or local variables may be stored directly in CPU registers rather than in stack memory. When the method stops executing the method's arguments are popped from the stack followed by the return address to which execution then jumps. When a method is called for the first time the Just-in-time compiler (JITter) converts the method's intermediate language (IL) instructions into native code for the platform on which the .NET application is running. The native code is stored in an internal memory block. If the method is called again then there is no need to convert its IL to native code (which is what an 'interpreter' would do). The native code in the internal memory buffer can be called directly.