Exception handling is a builtin mechanism in .NET framework to detect and handle run time errors. The .NET framework contains many standard exceptions. The exceptions are anomalies that occur during the execution of a program. They can be because of user, logic or system errors. If a user (programmer) does not provide a mechanism to handle these anomalies, the .NET run time environment provides a default mechanism that terminates the program execution. 

C# provides the three keywords try, catch and finally to do exception handling. The try block encloses the statements that might throw an exception whereas catch handles an exception if one exists. The finally can be used for doing any clean up process.

The general form of try-catch-finally in C# is shown below.

try
{
// Statement which can cause an exception.
}
catch(Type x)
{
// Statements for handling the exception
}
finally
{
//Any cleanup code
}

If any exception occurs inside the try block then the control transfers to the appropriate catch block and later to the finally block. 

But in C#, both catch and finally blocks are optional. The try block can exist either with one or more catch blocks or a finally block or with both catch and finally blocks. 

If there is no exception occurring inside the try block then the control directly transfers to the finally block. We can say that the statements inside the finally block is executed always. Note that it is an error to transfer control out of a finally block by using break, continue, return or goto. 

In C#, exceptions are nothing but objects of the type Exception. The Exception is the ultimate base class for any exceptions in C#. The C# itself provides a couple of standard exceptions. Or even the user can create their own exception classes, provided that this should inherit from either the Exception class or one of the standard derived classes of the Exception class like DivideByZeroExcpetion or ArgumentException and so on. 

Uncaught Exceptions 

The following program will compile but will show an error during execution. The division by zero is a runtime anomaly and the program terminates with an error message. Any uncaught exceptions in the current context propagate to a higher context and looks for an appropriate catch block to handle it. If it can't find any suitable catch blocks then the default mechanism of the .NET runtime will terminate the execution of the entire program. 

//C#: Exception Handling
//Author: [email protected]
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine(div);
}


The modified form of the preceding program with the exception handling mechanism is as follows. Here we are using the object of the standard exception class DivideByZeroException to handle the exception caused by division by zero. 

//C#: Exception Handling
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("This line
in not executed");
}
catch(DivideByZeroException de)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception occured");
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


In the preceding case the program does not terminate unexpectedly. Instead the program control passes from the point where the exception occurred inside the try block to the catch blocks. If it finds any suitable catch block then the statements inside that catch executes and continues with the normal execution of the program statements.
If a finally block is present, the code inside the finally block will also be executed.  

//C#: Exception Handling
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
}
catch(DivideByZeroException de)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception occured");
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


Remember that in C#, the catch block is optional if a finally block is supplied. The following program is perfectly legal in C#.

//C#: Exception Handling
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


But in this case, since there is no exception handling catch block, the execution will cause termination. But before the termination of the program, the statements inside the finally block will be executed. In C#, a try block must be followed by either a catch or finally block.

Multiple Catch Blocks 

A try block can throw multiple exceptions that can be handled by multiple catch blocks. Remember that a more specialized catch block should come before a generalized one. Otherwise the compiler will show a compilation error. 

//C#: Exception Handling: Multiple catch
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
}
catch(DivideByZeroException de)
{
Console.WriteLine("DivideByZeroException" );
}
catch(Exception ee)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception" );
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


Catching all Exceptions

By providing a catch block without a brackets or arguments, we can catch all exceptions occurring inside a try block. We can even use a catch block with an Exception type parameter to catch all exceptions happening inside the try block, since in C# all exceptions are directly or indirectly inherited from the Exception class.  

//C#: Exception Handling: Handling all exceptions
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("oException" );
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


The following program handles all exceptions with an Exception object. 

//C#: Exception Handling: Handling all exceptions
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
int x = 0;
int div = 0;
try
{
div = 100/x;
Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("oException" );
}
Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}",div);
}


Throwing an Exception 

In C#, it is possible to throw an exception programmatically. The "throw" statement is used for this purpose. The general form of throwing an exception is as follows. 

throw exception_obj;

For example the following statement throws an ArgumentException explicitly. 

throw new ArgumentException("Exception");

//C#: Exception Handling:
using System;
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
throw new DivideByZeroException("Invalid Division");
}
catch(DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception" );
}
Console.WriteLine("LAST STATEMENT");
}


Re-throwing an Exception

The exceptions that we catch inside a catch block can be re-thrown to a higher context using the throw statement inside the catch block. The following program shows how to do this.  

//C#: Exception Handling: Handling all exceptions
using System;
class MyClass
{
public void Method()
{
try
{
int x = 0;
int sum = 100/x;
}
catch(DivideByZeroException e)
{
throw;
}
}
}
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
MyClass mc =
new MyClass();
try
{
mc.Method();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught here" );
}
Console.WriteLine("LAST STATEMENT");
}
}

Standard Exceptions

There are two types of exceptions: exceptions generated by an executing program and exceptions generated by the common language runtime. System.Exception is the base class for all exceptions in C#. Several exception classes inherit from this class, including ApplicationException and SystemException. These two classes form the basis for most other runtime exceptions. Other exceptions that derive directly from System.Exception include IOException, WebException and so on.

The common language runtime throws SystemException. The ApplicationException is thrown by a user program rather than the runtime. The SystemException includes the ExecutionEngineException, StaclOverFlowException and so on. It is not recommended that we catch SystemExceptions nor is it good programming practice to throw SystemExceptions in our applications.

  • System.OutOfMemoryException
  • System.NullReferenceException
  • Syste.InvalidCastException
  • Syste.ArrayTypeMismatchException
  • System.IndexOutOfRangeException        
  • System.ArithmeticException
  • System.DevideByZeroException
  • System.OverFlowException 

User-defined Exceptions

In C#, it is possible to create our own exception class. But Exception must be the ultimate base class for all exceptions in C#. So the user-defined exception classes must inherit from either the Exception class or one of its standard derived classes. 

//C#: Exception Handling: User defined exceptions
using System;
class MyException : Exception
{
public MyException(string str)
{
Console.WriteLine("User defined exception");
}
}
class MyClient
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
throw new MyException("RAJESH");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught here" + e.ToString());
}
Console.WriteLine("LAST STATEMENT");
}
}

Design Guidelines

Exceptions should be used to communicate exceptional conditions. Don't use them to communicate events that are expected, such as reaching the end of a file. If there's a good predefined exception in the System namespace that describes the exception condition, one that will make sense to the users of the class, then use that one rather than defining a new exception class, and put specific information in the message. Finally, if code catches an exception that it isn't going to be handled then consider whether it should wrap that exception with additional information before re-throwing it.

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